Religion in Hamlet Essay - 1149 Words

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous tragedies William Shakespeare has ever written. Found throughout Shakespeare’s tragedy are many religious references. According to Peter Milward, the author of Shakespeares Christianity: The Protestant and Catholic Poetics of Julius Caesar, Macbeth, and Hamlet, â€Å"From a purely religious point of view, which is more than just biblical, Hamlet is rich in homiletic material of all kinds, reflecting almost every aspect of the religious situation in a deeply religious age† (Milward 9). These pieces of religious literature are crucial to the plot of Hamlet. The religious elements found in this tragedy provide the plot, allusions, and foreshadowing. One of the very first†¦show more content†¦In addition to the idea of purgatory, there is an allusion to the Garden of Eden in Hamlet. During Hamlet’s first soliloquy he says Denmark, â€Å"’tis an unweeded garden† (Shakespea re 1.2.135). The audience probably would not think anything of this; however, once the play gets to scene five of act one it brings into question what garden Hamlet and the Ghost are talking about. In this scene the Ghost is telling Hamlet how King Claudius killed him. The Ghost says, â€Å"sleeping in my orchard, / A serpent stung me† (Shakespeare 1.5.35-36). According to Michael Ferber, the author of A Dictionary of Literary Symbols, a serpent can symbolize the devil, and an orchard is also known as a garden (Ferber 186, 83). Knowing these two pieces of information found in Hamlet the audience is now able to infer that the garden being alluded to is the Garden of Eden. According to the New Living Translation Bible, the Garden of Eden is considered the â€Å"fall of man.† This is where Eve was convinced by the Devil to eat from â€Å"the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.† Eve then convinced Adam to eat from the tree, which was considered the first sin (Gen. 2-3). Shakespeare was wise in choosing this biblical allusion because at this point of the tragedy the audience learns about the first sin of King Claudius. If Shakespeare had not used this biblical allusion in Hamlet the audience would have lost the importance of this being the first sinShow MoreRelatedReligion In Hamlet Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet and Laertes contemplate religious consequences in different ways. Throughout the play Hamlet worries about the religious consequence of his actions, while Laertes does not worry himself with the issue. In the beginning of the play during a soliloquy in which Hamlet is criticizing his miserable situation, he exclaims that â€Å" O that this too too solid flesh would met,/ Thaw and resolve itself into a dew,/ Or that the Everlasting had not fixed/ His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter. O God! O God!†(1Read MoreEssay on Religion and Morality in Hamlet955 Words   |  4 PagesBenny Woo 10/27/10 Religion and Morality in Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the Danish prince sets out to avenge his father’s assassination at the hands of his uncle Claudius, the new king. At first, Hamlet is fragile because of his father’s sudden death and the following marriage of his mother Gertrude and uncle Claudius. Originally contemplating suicide, Hamlet dissuades himself from doing so on the grounds of it being a sin. Shifting from an internal struggle to an external oneRead More The Significance of Religion in Hamlet Essays2838 Words   |  12 PagesSummary -The tragedy of Hamlet is one of the most important of Shakespeare’s plays and one that is published and performed as part of the rainbow of world literature. This paper investigates the role of religion for the characters and their actions, and presents a new interpretation using religion to understand the characters’ motives. The paper concludes that although Christianity is the main influence on Hamlet, Shakespeare also us ed Grecian religious symbols. Hamlet suffered from a psychologicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet Religion And The Self851 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet-Religion and The Self in 1600 In 1600 Europe had abandoned the ideas and teachings of Catholic Christianity and began having a Protestant view on the world. When Protestants changed their worldview they rejected the idea of purgatory, causing a key foundation of their new religion. The Protestant Worldview and reaction of it can be reflected in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this time of religious and spiritual changes many people are very confused which can be closely related to PrinceRead MoreHamlet : Jungian Perspectives On Psychology And Religion1558 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet: Jungian Perspectives The term consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment† (Kendra Cherry, http://psychology.about.com). Our unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of awareness but that nevertheless have a great influence on behavior. The influence of Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Gustav Jung’s work in analytical psychology has never been more prominentRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare : Religion Is A Key Theme865 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, religion is a key theme in the play. Throughout the play Hamlet struggles with trying to avenge his fathers death, and how that would impact his and other’s standing with God. The relationship Hamlet has with God plays into the way he responds to certain things. Hamlets actions are impacted by religion, and Hamlet stops and thinks about his actions and thoughts and how that would impact his stance in heaven. In Hamlet religion plays a vital role in Hamlet’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Morality And Religion1442 Words   |  6 PagesMorality Religion in â€Å"Hamlet† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet,† the prince of Denmark embarks on a quest of revenge against his Uncle Claudius, the new king, for the assassination of his father. In the beginning, Hamlet was contemplating suicide with the news of his father’s sudden death and the quick marriage of his mother, Gertrude and Uncle Claudius, but decides not to by virtue of being a sin. In the play â€Å"Hamlet,† Shakespeare examines the role of suicide in morality and religion providingRead MoreElements of Religion in the Renaissance Portrayed in Hamlet by William Shakespeare751 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Religion in the Renaissance Portrayed in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Literature of the Renaissance was far different from that of the previous eras. Man was now thought of as the center of life, as opposed to God being the center in earlier times. Also, man was thought to have free will over his life, not being simply a pawn of the Gods. These new ideals were presented in the theaters as well as written literature. The esteemed WilliamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Play That Contains Frequent Meditations On Suicide Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question† (Shakespeare 3.1.56). Audiences know Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play that contains frequent meditations on suicide, yet despite suicide’s obvious religious connections, audiences do not often consider how religion as a whole functions within the play. This lack of awareness partially results from the subtlety of many of Hamlet’s religious elements. Through his religious references and the resulting emphasis on the gravity of the sins of murder and suicideRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 Pagesare controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlife and religion in Shakespeare’s play, especially Hamlet. One author that has written on the topic is Paul Dean. In his paper, â€Å"The Afterlife of Hamlet†, he includes quotes from Stephen Greenblatt, Roy Battenhouse, William

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to...

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Insofar as I can imagine this (which is not very far), it tells me only what it would be like for me to behave as a bat behaves. But that is not the question. I want to know what it is like for a bat to be a bat... - Thomas Nagel In order to take the above request seriously, one must assume that bats have experience and consciousness. Assuming so, one must then imagine the consciousness that a bat must live with. Its brain is designed to correlate outgoing impulses with subsequent echoes, and the information thus acquired enables the bat to make precise discriminations of distance, size, shape, motion, and texture comparable to those we make by vision.†¦show more content†¦Is a bat aware of its own existence? If a bat is not aware of its own existence, then the above question is immediately answered: a bat simply flutters around carrying out its activities of life, experiencing nothing, just living. If a bat is aware of its existence, there are infinitely more questions to be raised to discover exactly what life as a bat is like. Many would argue that the key difference between the human consciousness and that of a bat is vision - I disagree. In order to see its world, a bat relies on sound and echoes to create the complex world that a human sees by vision; is that a key difference? The difference in the electromagnetic sound waves and light waves is little more than wavelength and frequency, therefore it is very reasonable to assume that a bats vision is nearly as accurate as a humans, perhaps better if the bouncing waves are sent frequent enough to produce a constant image. Vision is not a key difference, but only an integral part of the sensory system that produces any creatures consciousness. For the most accurate depiction, one would need to know how a bats senses of smell, taste, and touch compare to that of a humans, or more importantly, how a bat thinks. Humans have developed many complexShow MoreRelatedThe Miracle Worker When pondering on life as not only a blind child but also a deaf child, one700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Miracle Worker When pondering on life as not only a blind child but also a deaf child, one might say perception of the world and life is impossible. In the movie The Miracle Worker, Helen Keller was blind, deaf and mute since she had been a baby. Helen was incapable of communicating to anyone. The question, â€Å"do you think she had an accurate idea of color,† to me, is defined through her inability to know the difference between colors and physical appearance on objects certain colors, for instanceRead MoreThe Plausibility of Analytic Functionalism Essay2149 Words   |  9 PagesIt is also possible that the person may desire to be in danger. 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Rowlingson forensic readiness Essay Example For Students

Rowlingson forensic readiness Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Network-Based IDS3 Execution4 Advantages And Disadvantages Of NIDSs5 Host-Based IDS6 Filesystem Monitoring7 Logfile Analysis8 Connection Analysis9 Kernel-Based Intrusion Detection10 Advantages And Disadvantages Of HIDSs11 Application-Based IDS12 Conformity Detail13 Advantages And Disadvantages Of AppIDSs14 Signature-Based IDS15 Advantages And Disadvantages Of AppIDSs16 Statistical Anomaly-Based IDS17 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Stat IDS18 Log File Proctors19 Decision20 Reference List Introduction Harmonizing to Rowlingson ( 2005, p.2 ) , forensic preparedness is the ability of an administration to maximize its potency to utilize digital grounds while minimising the costs of an probe. He mentions that systems that prepare for possible incidents by roll uping and continuing informations can really cut down costs. One of the techniques described by Tan ( 2001 ) for accomplishing digital forensic preparedness is Intrusion Detection System ( IDS ) information use. An IDS was foremost commercially available in the late 1990 s ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.284 ) . Harmonizing to Whitman A ; Mattord ( 2005, p284 ) , in order for an administration to procure their information assets it is really of import that they have implemented some signifier of IDSs. Intrusion sensing consists of processs and systems that are created and operated to observe system invasions. Without the execution of these types of systems many an administration leaves itself unfastened to assail and development from both internal and external interlopers ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.283 ) . This paper discusses the types of IDSs and sensing methods along with some of their advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered when implementing such a system. The IDS and sensing methods which are to be addressed are: Network-based IDS: Host-based IDS: Application-based IDS: Signature-based IDS: Statistical anomaly-based IDS and Log files â€Å"Prevention is ideal but sensing is a must† ( Cole, 2006, p.15 ) . An addition in hazard and incidence of condemnable, illegal or inappropriate computing machine and online behavior has increased the consciousness of those in public and private sectors of the demand to develop defensive every bit good as violative responses ( ACPR, 2000, 2001 ; Broucek A ; Turner, 2001 ; McKemmish, 1999 ) . In my sentiment, it is for this really ground that Intrusion Detection Systems plays such an of import function in administrations being Forensic Ready. Network-Based IDS A network-based IDS ( NIDS ) usually resides on a computing machine or piece equipment, connected to portion of an organisation s web, where it monitors web activity on that web section, analyzing indicants of possible ongoing or successful onslaughts ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p. 289 ) . When an event occurs that the NIDS is programmed to acknowledge as an invasion or onslaught, it is usually configured to direct the decision maker some signifier of presentment, be it via electronic mail or nomadic text messaging for illustration ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p. 289 ) . Labib and Vemuri ( 2002, p.1 ) confirms that invasion events that are automatically detected and instantly reported provides a timely response to onslaughts. Based on what information has been collected from the web traffic, decision makers can so explicate some kind of form to assist them insulate what type of an onslaught is taking topographic point. An illustration of a typical web onslaught would be denial of service ( DOS ) ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p. 289 ) . Execution Bowden ( 2007 ) provinces, for web IDS to be effectual, one must be able to see the web traffic. He farther adds that when hubs were used on webs this was nt a job but current-switched webs by design, would insulate traffic from different web sections and from systems on the same web section. Therefore to him positioning of the web IDS is of import if non critical. Laing ( Internet Security Systems, n.d. ) agrees by stating, â€Å"The trouble of implementing IDS into a switched environment stems from the basic differences between standard hubs and switches. Hubs have no construct of a connexion and therefore will repeat every package to every port on the hub, excepting merely the port the package came in on. A switch nevertheless is based on connexions, when a package comes in a impermanent connexion, a switch is made to the finish port, and the packages are forwarded on. So in a hub environment we can put our detectors about anyplace, while with switches specific workarounds must b e used to guarantee the detector is able to see the traffic required† . Harmonizing to Bowden ( 2007 ) , to implement a web IDS into a switched and high-velocity environment, web TAPs are ideal. But he has discovered that with TAPs, you do nt ever acquire what you pay for and suggests that one should foremost prove it before implementing it into a unrecorded environment. The image below ( IDS2, hypertext transfer protocol: //danielowen.com/NIDS, n.d. ) , illustrates the execution of such a TAP. Advantages And Disadvantages Of NIDSs The followers is a drumhead, taken from â€Å"Bace and Mell ( 2001 ) † , discoursing the advantages and disadvantages of NIDSs: Advantages: A well designed web and good placement of NIDS devices enables an administration to utilize a few devices to supervise a big web. NIDSs are normally inactive devices and can be deployed into bing webs with small or no break to normal web operations. NIDSs are non normally susceptible to direct onslaught and, in fact, may non be noticeable by aggressors. Disadvantages: Due to web volume, NIDS can neglect to observe onslaughts. Since many switches have limited or no monitoring port capableness, some webs are non capable of supplying accurate informations for analysis by a NIDS. NIDS can non analyze encrypted packages, doing some of the web traffic unseeable, hence restricting its effectivity. In order to determine if an onslaught was successful or non the web decision maker needs to prosecute so that he/she can measure the consequences of the logs of leery web activity. Some NIDSs are susceptible to malformed packages and may go unstable and stop operation. Making some onslaughts non easy noticeable. social work and the military EssayHowever, ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.295 ) have a job with this attack. They go on by stating that when new onslaughts or schemes are released, it is of import that the signature database is up to day of the month at the clip as failure of this go oning can take to onslaughts being overlooked. The ground for this is because signature-based IDS operate like anti-virus package, in that it needs to be updated about on a day-to-day footing, to forestall newer onslaughts. Advantages And Disadvantages Of AppIDSs The followers is a drumhead, taken from â€Å"Bace and Mell ( 2001 ) † , of the advantages and disadvantages of AppIDSs: Advantages: Effectiveness at observing onslaughts without holding to bring forth a immense figure of false positives. The ability to rapidly and faithfully name the usage of a specific onslaught tool or technique, leting decision makers to prioritise disciplinary steps. Track security jobs on a system and bespeaking handling processs. Disadvantages: Signature-based IDS can merely observe onslaughts that they know about. Signatures need to be updated. It is designed to utilize tightly defined signatures that prevent them from observing discrepancies of common onslaughts. Statistical Anomaly-Based IDS Harmonizing to Whitman A ; Mattord ( 2005, p.296 ) , another attack for observing invasions is based on the frequence with which certain web activities take topographic point. Statistical anomaly-based IDS ( Stat IDS ) or behaviour based IDS, collects statistical sum-ups by detecting traffic that is known to be normal ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.296 ) . Harmonizing to Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) , Abnormal = Suspicious. Stat IDS creates a public presentation baseline. Once this baseline is created, Stat IDS will try web activities at certain intervals and uses this information to compare web activity to the baseline ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.296 ) . When this activity is outside the baseline parametric quantities which has been set by transcending it, which is besides known as the niping degree, an qui vive is triggered and the system decision maker is notified ( Whitman A ; Mattord, 2005, p.296 ) . Wagner ( n.d. , p.19 ) , adds that web activity is sporadically sampled and updated to guarantee that the system is trained to pickup newer unnatural activities. And that Disk, CPU, Memory, and web use can wholly be used as a baseline. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Stat IDS Advantages: Detect new types of onslaughts without necessitating changeless updates, Wagner ( n.d. , p.19 ) . Automatically learns, Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) . Can be left to run unattended, Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) . Detects Novel onslaughts ( and its discrepancies ) , Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) . Disadvantages: More overhead and treating than a signature-based system, Wagner ( n.d. , p.19 ) . Susceptible to false negatives, Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) . Computation intensive, Ditcheva and Fowler ( 2005, p.1 ) . Log File Proctors â€Å"A log file proctor examines logs from waiters, web devices, and other IDSs for unnatural activity† , says Wagner ( n.d. , p.21 ) . As an advantage, it can scan activity across multiple hosts, whereas to its disadvantage, it requires a batch of disc infinite for log files and operating expense for processing. Decision Idahos are here to remain. However, they remain hard to configure and run and frequently ca nt be efficaciously used by the really novice security forces who need to profit from them most. Due to the deficit of experient security experts, many novitiates are assigned to cover with the IDSs that protect computing machine systems and webs. My purpose, in composing this papers, is to assist those who would take on this undertaking. I hope that in supplying information and advice on the subjects, this papers serves to introduce novitiates with the universe of IDSs and computing machine onslaughts. Reference List Bace, R. , A ; Mell, P. ( 2001 ) . NIST Particular Publication 800-31: Intrusion Detection Systems, National Institute Of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Retrieved February 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-31/sp800-31.pdf Bace, R. , A ; Mell, P. ( 2001 ) . NIST Special Publication on Intrusion Detection System: Invasion Detection Systems. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bandwidthco.com/whitepapers/nist/NIST % 20800-31 % 20Intrusion % 20Detections % 20Systems.pdf Bowden, E. ( 2007 ) . Network Security Journal: Network-Based Intrusion Detection. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networksecurityjournal.com/features/network-based-intrusion-detection-systems-031607/ Broucek, V. , A ; Turner, P. ( 2001 ) . Forensic Computer science: Developing a Conceptual Approach in the epoch of Information Warfare. Journal of Information Warfare, 1 ( 2 ) , 2. Cole, E. , A ; Ring, S. ( 2006 ) . Insider Menace: Protecting the Enterprise from Sabotage, Spying, and Theft. Syngress Publishing. De Boer, P. , A ; Pels, M. ( 2005 ) . Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //staff.science.uva.nl/~delaat/snb-2004-2005/p19/report.pdf Ditcheva, B. , A ; Fowler, L. ( 2005 ) . Signature-based Intrusion Detection: 6-Sig-based-Detection. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.unc.edu/~jeffay/courses/nidsS05/slides/6-Sig-based-Detection.pdf IDS2 ( n.d. ) . Retrieved February 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //danielowen.com/NIDS Labib, K. , A ; Vemuri, R. ( 2002 ) . NSOM: A Real-time Network-Based Intrusion Detection System Using Self-Organizing Maps. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~vemuri/papers/som-ids.pdf Laing, B. ( n.d. ) . Intrusion Detection FAQ: How do you implement IDS ( web based ) in a to a great extent switched environment? Retrieved February 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sans.org/security-resources/idfaq/switched.php McKemmish, R. ( 1999 ) . What is Forensic Calculating? : Tendencies and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices. ( 2003 ) . Retrieved February 20, 2010, from www.cert.org/security-improvement/ Rowlingson, R. ( 2005 ) . NISCC Technical Note: An Introduction to Forensic Readiness Planning. Retrieved January 27, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.qinetiq.com/ Tan, J. ( 2001 ) . @ interest, Inc. : Forensic Readiness. Retrieved January 27, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //mail1.sgp.gov.ar/webs/textos/forensic_readiness.pdf Wagner, R. ( n.d. ) . Intrusion Detection Systems ( IDS ) . Retrieved February 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~romig/rwagner-ids.pdf Whitman, M. E. , A ; Mattord, H. J. ( 2005 ) . Principles of Information Security. Thomson Course Technology.

Climate Archive System

Question: What is the Climate Archive System ? Answer : Introduction Long-term datasets have become a focus for climate research since they are essential for studying the variability and extremes in weather and climate. The overall importance of climate data rescue and efficient climate data management is accepted widely. Computer technologies are essential tools for processing climatological data and storing the huge amount of meteorological measurements (Ananta et al., 2013). National Center of Meteorology and Seismology (Climate department) in UAE aims to gather and store all meteorological data recorded by wide network of weather stations in unified climatological database structure such as: Air Temperature, Air Pressure, Relative Humidity, Solar Radiation and other relevant data (Brandao, 2015). The report is prepared for the project developed using data mining techniques for forecasting the weather conditions, collects all the statistical data of the climate condition, and prepares a yearly report for the specified location. To store and manage climatological data in database server, the project incorporates implementation of CLASYS (Climate Climate Archive System). CLASYS (Climate Archive System) is a Desktop Architecture that works through a simple user-friendly interface to support the storage and management of all meteorological data. The data is stored and managed in one unified structure based on Microsoft SQL Database Server CLASYS performs data retrieval and analysis. Data that are already in digital form (Electronic format) can be readily ingested directly by the system (Data Import). Non-digital records from the original observation books are generally digitized during an entry process with a minimum of error since accurate climate data is the first prerequisite for basing climate related decision making on. The system is being designed for validation and removal of erroneous data as they are entered or imported. CLASYS detects likely and manual errors automatically by establishing a set of quality control procedures (Chung, Theng Seldon, 2013). Data in digital form can be exported from the system for further usage such as report maki ng, weather forecasting, and others. In the literature review section, existing climate data storage and management systems are described such as CLISYS (Meteo France MFI), CLIWARE (Russian Federation), CLIMSOFT (Zimbabwe-Guinea-Kenya-Metoffice), JCDMS (Jordan), CLDB (Slovakia - MicroStep-MIS), and CLICOM (FREE WMO). These systems are demonstrated for showing their limitations, challenges and comparison with each other; so that importance of CLASYS can be established. The project is developed using data mining techniques, autonomous error-checking of meteorological data, and decision tree algorithm. The Scrum project lifecycle is used for developing the project, and a project schedule is created for scheduling the activity incurred for the development of the project. For the storage of the weather condition data, the algorithm is prepared to combine data mining along with decision tree. CLASYS performs management of climatological data such as manual and automatic check of erroneous data to resolve data flaw and importing external data in many formats. Literature Review In this section, the researcher tends to choose over some existing Climate Data management systems. Existing climate data management systems are comparatively demonstrated in the section for studying the limitations and gaps exist in climate data handling process (Cinquini et al., 2014). Identified systems are CLISYS (Meteo France MFI), CLIWARE (Russian Federation), CLIMSOFT (Zimbabwe-Guinea-Kenya-Metoffice), JCDMS (Jordan), CLDB (Slovakia - MicroStep-MIS), and CLICOM (FREE WMO). In this project, the proposed system is expected to outreach the identified limitations in literature review, so that CLASYS can be stated as important for elimination and mitigation of limitations. Clisys This particular system is effective for understanding and tracking historical climate data in real time. This system is popular for anticipation of weather and recommendations for change of climate. CLISYS can carry out analysis for weather condition prediction so that certain region or area residents can be alerted. Moreover, CLISYS helps as a decision-making tool for residents and users (Desai, 2016; Elliff et al., 2017). It can securely store historic data and real time climate information, stores precise and accurate data in databases, ensures quality controlling in collected data, and can generate substantial reports with statistics. CLISYS is a web-based architecture with user-friendly interface offering instant access to data management and system administration. It has a unified storage structure helping to ensure centralized databases and unique information storage (CLISYS - CDMS., 2017). CLISYS operates with reliable monitoring system and have capability of storing past, present, and real-time climate data. WMO evaluated CLISYS and declared fully compatible with WMO practices and recommendations. However, Feris, Zwikael and Gregor (2017) opined that CLISYS could not accept several data formats while taking raw data from users. This is identified as a limitation for climate data analysis. Cliware CLIWARE is mainly developed for handling and resolving hydro-meteorological data management while processing in different levels. CLIWARE is developed based on module base so that different climate characteristics can be assessed and important and derived information can be forwarded to client (CliWare System., 2017). CLIWARE can generate hydro-meteorological data, various climatic characteristics, database of hydro-meteorological data and metadata, and sends relevant information to customer. CLIWARE allows to process different operational data such as synoptic data, ship synoptic data, upper-air data, climate data, oceanographic data Batey, cleaver, and buoy (Hobday et al., 2016). System generates climate characteristics and allows user to download from external sources. Russian Federation proposed the tool with web-based architecture alongside database server, application server with J2EE standard, dynamic web server, and client software. However, Horta, Georgieff and Aschero (2015) suggested limitation identified as CLIWARE cannot detect errors in data. It completely relies on user input through user interface, and then it automatically generates reports, charts, and graphs. Again, the operation plan of CLIWARE is dependent over archived data, past climate datasets from database server. In case, the stored database contains redundancy and errors in climate data; then CLIWARE cannot remove them as well (Hossny et al., 2013). Therefore, these limitations are managed by the end-users so that CLIWARE can operate with suitable efficiency and effectiveness. Climsoft This system is a software suite that stores climate data in flexible and suitable manner so that user can extract useful information easily. CLIMSOFT is developed for certain companies who wish to generate reports and analysis over climate in certain regions. CLIMSOFT helps to store the historical climate data in computerized format (Climsoft Home., 2017). CLIMSOFT followed WMO Climate Data Management System Specifications and this software suite works properly with climate data. It can apply e-SIAC statistical approach for detailed analysis of weather condition at will of end-users. This software suite is popular in Zimbabwe, Guinea, and Kenya for climate data storage and extraction. However, Imoto, Carneiro and Avila-da-Silva (2016) claimed that CLIMSOFT is unable to keep collected climate data with security, sometimes, data loss can happen in this software suite. CLIMSOFT cannot accept different formatted data from end-users and it cannot remove flaws from collected climate and weather information. Jcdms JCDMS can perform several types of work such as previous paper data key-entry, current Climate Observation data entry, different data format importing, data validation and quality control. JCDMS can manage and re-organize data sets along with archiving, export, and analysis feature (JORDAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT AMMAN-JORDAN., 2017). Furthermore, JCDMS can put climate data in usable format; it operates in Windows NT /2000 Server, Workstations WIN95/98/NT/2000, Local area network (LAN), Oracle 8 or higher (RDBMS), and Oracle Tools (Developer 2000). JCDMS requires personnel expertise level to be information technology knowledge, experience in ORACLE RDBMS, ORACLE tools, and climate data management (Kaur Sengupta, 2013). JCDMS is incorporated with user-friendly, multiple user access, GUI interface, higher storage capacity, Validation and Quality Control and direct connect to GIS. Main limitations in JCDMS are it can validate the climate data and cannot remove the errors in collected. Therefore, JCDMS is developing error removal process for better and convenient usage. limatological database CLDB is a popular database for Slovakia - MicroStep-MIS; inside the Climatological database (CLDB), the previously mentioned user-friendly structure depends on SQL Database Server (MicroStep-MIS - Climatological and integrated Environmental Database (IMS CLDB and EnviDB)., 2017). Standard information depends on SQL dialect for storage of climate data. The certification of data storage quality is the business demonstrated Oracle Database Server, the server is essential for database innovations. CLDB depends on WMO suggested hones regarding single climatological information preparing (Hobday et al., 2016). It takes after the WMO recommendation of an RDBMS (Relation Database Management System) application with wide use in climatology (World Climate Program endeavours concerning new Climate Data Management Systems - CDMSs). The Extraordinary preferred standpoint of CLDB is measured engineering, which gives end client probability of point-by-point customization. End client can indicate ex tra nonstandard info and yield modules. Modules can be effortlessly executed and added to any current or future establishment (Franco et al., 2014). A standout amongst the most intriguing expansions offered is moving up to the natural database (radiation and air contamination checking). Clicom CLICOM is a tool for storing climate data, supporting different data inputs, and other additional features. CLICOM stores different types of data such as observed data, meteorological phenomena, inventory of missing data, rainfall gauge measurements, and others (CLICOM., 2017). CLICOM accepts definition of observed data such as temperature, pressure or wind direction. CLICOM can accept manually typed data and climate information so that users can easily put information into analysis. CLICOM enables automatic import from text files for handling climate data with better analysis. Moreover, the main limitation in CLICOM is identified that it cannot accept several formats of data into consideration for analysis. Clasys Development Importance and Approach The cost for the development of the project will be required to be estimated before starting the development process. The cost could be calculated after a successful analysis of the requirement and the specification for the project (Mansor et al., 2016). The prediction algorithm could be applied periodically to the data collected from the CLDB and for storing the result in the database of the system. The system should display the values and highlight the areas on the map for which the prediction is made. The system should be prepared with the application of interactive animation and effects for making the interface interactive and the user can get information about the present and the future climate condition of the selected location (Lagerberg et al., 2013). A language preference can also be added to application of language translation tool that can be selected for changing the preference of the user. The information system developed should produce graphs and maps for the climate co ndition of the selected region. The actors and the goals of the user are also analysed, and it has been found that the main actors are the users (Registered and Unregistered), database, Graph plotter, Historical data provider and the system administrator (Feris, Zwikael Gregor, 2017). The admin also has the authority of clearing the data that is fetched from the database of CLDB. The admin can log out other users using the system and track the usage and the search pattern of the users using the system. The project should be prepared after a detailed analysis and research, firstly a high level architecture design in created. The data mining technique is applied to the collection of the historical data and collecting different components for the development of the project. The main components of the project are as follows: Collection of Data: The historical data are fetched and stored in the local database for the specific region Cleaning of the Data: the fetched data are cleaned, and the data that have missing components are removed (Sokmen ebi, 2017). The duplicate entries are found in the database, and they are deleted for increasing the efficiency of the system Selection of the Data: A requirement analysis is done, and the data required for the proper running of the query are analyzed, and the relevant data are retrieved from the system. Transformation of data: The gathered data are transformed in this stage that is accepted the form of the data mining. Data mining: The algorithms are selected and used for analysing the meteorological datasets that are used for creating interesting pattern for studying (Kaur Sengupta, 2013). Problem Statement and Scope In this project, the primary challenges that should be tackled are identified as to let the system removing erroneous data, data validation, and import external files in many format. Climate department already have climate Database Management System to receive meteorological data from weather stations (Lagerberg et al., 2013). However, in current context, there is no autonomous management of data, automatic error checking in data; henceforth, the climate department personnel had to check and manage data manually. Therefore, the problem in existing climate databases is storing erroneous data without effective validation and checking before storage. In this manner, sometimes, the climate data cannot be managed as per weather forecasting reports (Mansor et al., 2016). Furthermore, climate department needs to input climate data manually in climate databases along with checking data and maintaining specific format. It is quite tiresome to import sensitive climate data manually, checking t hem and processing them as well. In this project, the problems are identified as following: To validate and check climate data automatically To remove the incorrect and invalid data from the databases automatically To import data from external sources such as document, text files, spreadsheet, and others along with different data formats Problem scope is defined to be assessing the risks and certain issues that can make the system vulnerable to some consequences. Therefore, to mitigate the risks and issues, proposed CLASYS (Climate Archive System) will contain: Table for weather stations: This table will contain weather station data such as wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and others (Sampaio Franco et al., 2014). This data will be fed through CLASYS for checking errors and validation before storing them in databases. Table for variables: To store the collected data, table of variable is created. This table will store the weather data received from the stations temporarily for management. The system administrators have the responsibility of reporting the historical weather data and create status for the created report (Sokmen ebi, 2017). The main functional requirement of the project is to allow the system administrator to add historical data of the weather. Table for users: The registered users can search the system get a future prediction of the weather condition of the selected location. The alert message can be sent to the user if there is a sudden change in the current weather condition or emergency arises (Turner, 2015). The visitors are given limited functionality and they can check the status of the weather and can register into the system for getting updates at a regular interval of time. Table for quality control: Quality check of collected data is crucial as management and storage of climate data should be flawless. The system should do erroneous data removal from collected data before storing them in databases. The system can provide better visibility of data so that weather forecasting can be performed with detailed analysis. The graph plotter has the responsibility to plot sketches of the predicted weather on the map. The area where the weather is searched is highlighted using different colors to make the system convenient for usage. Table for import external data: Table for several formatted data helps to manage different electronically formatted climate data and store them within database regardless of data flaw and loss. CLASYS support many formats to incorporate appropriate handling and storage as well. References Ananta, I., Callaghan, V., Chin, J., Ball, M., Gardner, M. (2013). Crowd Intelligence in Intelligent Environments: a Journey from Complexity to Collectivity. InIntelligent Environments (IE), 2013 9th International Conference on(pp. 65-70). IEEE. Brandao, M. C. (2015). Biodiversidade e distribuio de larvas de invertebrados da plataforma Sudeste-Sul do Brasil (21-34 S), com nfase em larvas de Decapoda. Chung, L. T., Theng, L. B., Seldon, H. L. (2013). A GIS-based environmental health information source for Malaysian context. Cinquini, L., Crichton, D., Mattmann, C., Harney, J., Shipman, G., Wang, F., ... Pobre, Z. (2014). The Earth System Grid Federation: An open infrastructure for access to distributed geospatial data.Future Generation Computer Systems,36, 400-417. CLICOM. (2017). Clidata.cz. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.clidata.cz/en/introduction/data_input/direct_import.html Climsoft Home. (2017). Climsoft. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.climsoft.org/ CLISYS - CDMS. (2017). Mfi.fr. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.mfi.fr/en/page/meteorological-information-systems/clisys-cdms.php CliWare System. (2017). Cliware.meteo.ru. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://cliware.meteo.ru/meteo/CliWareDoc.html Desai, M. A. (2016). Mutliscale Drivers of Global Environmental Health. Elliff, C. I., dos Santos Tutui, S. L., Souza, M. R., Tomas, A. R. G. (2017). Estrutura populacional da carapeba (Diapterus rhombeus) em um sistema estuarino do sudeste do Brasil.Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,39(4), 411-421. Feris, M. A. A., Zwikael, O., Gregor, S. (2017). QPLAN: Decision support for evaluating planning quality in software development projects.Decision Support Systems. Hobday, A. J., Cochrane, K., Downey-Breedt, N., Howard, J., Aswani, S., Byfield, V., ... Fulton, E. A. (2016). Planning adaptation to climate change in fast-warming marine regions with seafood-dependent coastal communities.Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,26(2), 249-264. Horta, L. R., Georgieff, S. M., Aschero, C. A. (2015). Chronology of bathymetric variations of the Pueyrredn-Posadas-Salitroso lacustrine system during the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene.Quaternary International,377, 91-101. Hossny, E., Khattab, S., Omara, F., Hassan, H. (2013). A case study for deploying applications on heterogeneous paas platforms. InCloud Computing and Big Data (CloudCom-Asia), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 246-253). IEEE. Imoto, R. D., Carneiro, M. H., Avila-da-Silva, A. O. (2016). Spatial patterns of fishing fleets on the Southeastern Brazilian Bight/Patrones espaciales de las flotas pesqueras en Southeastern Brazilian Bight.Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research,44(5), 1005. JORDAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT AMMAN-JORDAN. (2017). www.wmo.int. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/wcdmp_series/documents/Annex5.pdf Kaur, R., Sengupta, J. (2013). Software process models and analysis on failure of software development projects.arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.1068. Lagerberg, L., Skude, T., Emanuelsson, P., Sandahl, K., Stahl, D. (2013, October). The impact of agile principles and practices on large-scale software development projects: A multiple-case study of two projects at ericsson. InEmpirical Software Engineering and Measurement, 2013 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 348-356). IEEE. Mansor, Z., Arshad, N. H., Yahya, S., Razali, R., Yahaya, J. (2016). Ruler for Effective Cost Management Practices in Agile Software Development Projects.Advanced Science Letters,22(8), 1977-1980. MicroStep-MIS - Climatological and integrated Environmental Database (IMS CLDB and EnviDB). (2017). Microstep-mis.com. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.microstep-mis.com/index.php?lang=ensite=src/products/meteorology/cldb Sampaio Franco, A. C., Shimada Brotto, D., Zee, W., Man, D., Neves dos Santos, L. (2014). Long-term (2002-2011) changes on Cetengraulis edentulus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) fisheries in Guanabara Bay, Brazil.Revista de biologia tropical,62(3), 1019-1029. Sokmen, N., ebi, F. (2017). Decision-Tree Models for Predicting Time Performance in Software-Intensive Projects.International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),8(2), 64-86. Turner, E. C. (2015). Evaluating spectral radiances simulated by the HadGEM2 global climate model using longwave satellite measurements.

Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Unlimited talk. text. web and countrywide 3G informations. † ( Cricket Wireless. 2012 ) . Verizon. Sprint. and AT A ; T are all good known cell phone carries ; they all have been around for many old ages. Today. a new radio service has grown to the top of the charts. it is called Cricket Wireless. Even though they have merely been around 13 old ages. Cricket has expanded all over the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This little radio company that started with selling in two provinces has now expands in over 35 provinces ( LEAP. 2012 ) . Leap Wireless International. Inc. was the name given to what is now known as Cricket Wireless. With merely 30 employees at that clip. they had a vision to supply low-cost radio service to clients all over. Leap was an international market and even though they stayed focal point on their primer market there was a new squad working on spread outing their merchandise into the United States. In 1989. Leap Cricket Wireless was born. Their first market was Chattanooga. Tennessee with an limitless service of talk for merely 30 dollars a month which was lunched March 17. 1999. In 2000. they expand into nine extra markets that conceit of Nashville. Knoxville. Memphis. Greensboro. Tulsa. Tucson. Charlotte. Small Rock and Salt Lake City. By 2002 they had thirty- four extra markets. Leap Cricket Wireless was good over one million clients. although. a twelvemonth subsequently they would register voluntary request for alleviation under chapter 11 besides known as â€Å"reorganization† bankruptcy. This merely helped their company to go what is now known as Cricket Wireless. The metempsychosis of Leap occurred in 2004 but now as Cricket Wireless. New and fresh thoughts would come to the tabular array. Their services that started with limitless talk were now spread outing to text messaging. image messaging. and long distance. By 2006. Cricket Wireless had two million clients. With few old ages in the market they had reached a larger Numberss but they still lacked in some countries. Their rivals had a larger coverage country and services like nomadic web. Cricket made this possible in 2007 ; by conveying a 3g web to their clients. They besides added a new system for payments called bridge payment ; this would let their clients to put up an extension on their measure for a period of seven yearss. The span payment would be a payment of 17 dollars per line of service and after the seven twenty-four hours period their leftover balance would be due. Cricket now included a roaming program and a larger coverage country every bit good as their web expanded into other markets like: Oklahoma. Corpus Christi. Laredo. McAllen/Brownsville. Las Vegas. St. Luis. Savannah. and Milwaukee/Madison. Expanding to these new markets allowed cricket to make to over three million clients. As engineering advanced Cricket couldn’t stay behind and in 2010. the launched their first android the Sanyo Zio by Kyocera. Cricket was offering non merely cell phone service for station paid and prepaid but they besides had internet service. There broadband was a hit with program every bit low as 35 dollar they had unlimited cyberspace for their desktop or laptop. Cricket’s new true programs that included non merely more services for less money but the 26 per centum of revenue enhancements were removed and clients now merely paid the province revenue enhancement. This increased gross revenues but the clients still demanded more. Muve Music was introduced with a program of 65 dollars a month a client non merely had over a 1000 application to take from but limitless downloads of music. This downloads were available to you in lupus erythematosuss so twenty seconds and a whole album in less than two proceedingss. Cricket celebrates the over five million clients they now p rovide service for. The start of a new twelvemonth and as summer hits Cricket launches the most expected merchandise the iphone 4g and 4s. At a starting monetary value of $ 399 and $ 499 and a rate program like no other of lone 55 and with all its services unlimited. Cricket becomes the first prepaid service to offer the iphone. The Huawie Mercury as one of Crickets best phones on the market with an 8. 0 million. pel camera and a processor of 1. 4 GHz this android gets rated in American by the PC magazine as the best in the market. Cricket now service to over six million clients countrywide and with a small over a decennary functioning they have turning and raised to the top reasonably rapidly. This little company that started with international services is now one of Americans strongest rival when it comes to wireless services. With low rate programs and low-cost devices Cricket has claimed to the top. I have worked for a cricket trade for over four old ages and when I foremost stated they had few markets and a little assortment of devices to offer. I look back and think of how much this company has grown and the sum of clients that have switched their service over to Cricket. Working with some of the Cricket reps. I have seen all the difficult work and dedication that they have put into this company as they try and delight the client. Strengths that I see in this company are like the low-cost monetary values. limitless services. and great merchandises. Failings would be the big market and the great competition against like Boost Mobile. Virgin Mobile. Sprint. Verizon. At A ; t. and many more. Opportunities they have is to make out to those who are looking for a low low-cost service and menaces that doing it so low-cost lowers the sum of money that the company brings in really twelvemonth. Never the less. Crickets has shown that they have and can remain on top while offering the best monetary values. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. leapwireless. com/who-we-are/wireless-industry

University at Buffalo SUNY UB Admissions Facts

University at Buffalo SUNY UB Admissions Facts The University at Buffalo, part of the State University of New York system, is a comprehensive public research university located in Western New York. The University at Buffalo is the largest of the SUNY schools with ambitious plans for future growth. The school has three campuses totaling over 1,300 acres. Shuttles run frequently between and across campuses. Because of UBs many excellent research centers, it was granted membership in the Association of American Universities. In athletics, the Buffalo Bulls compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference. Will You Get In? Calculate your chances of getting in  with Cappexs this free tool. Admissions Data (2016) SUNY University at Buffalo Acceptance Rate: 59%GPA, SAT and ACT graph for UB Test Scores: 25th / 75th Percentile SAT Critical Reading: 520  / 610SAT Math: 550  /  660ACT Composite: 24  / 29 Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 30,184  (20,412 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 57% Male / 43% Female92% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17) Tuition and Fees: $9,574 (in-state); $26,814 (out-of-state)Books: $1,196  (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,292Other Expenses: $2,481Total Cost: $25,489  (in-state); $42,729 (out-of-state) University at Buffalo Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 77%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 63%Loans: 52%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,577Loans: $9,259 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biomedical Sciences, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Electrical Engineering, English, History, Humanities, Mechanical Engineering, Nursing, Political Science, Psychology, Social Sciences What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 86%Transfer-out Rate: 14%4-Year Graduation Rate: 58%6-Year Graduation Rate: 74% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Basketball, Baseball, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, WrestlingWomens Sports:  Track and Field, Rowing, Softball, Soccer, Cross Country, Swimming, Volleyball, Tennis Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics UB and the Common Application The University at Buffalo uses the Common Application. University of Buffalo Mission Statement: The University at Buffalo is a diverse, inclusive scholarly community dedicated to bringing the benefits of its research, scholarship and creative activity, and educational excellence to global and local communities in ways that impact and positively change the world.   We view the three traditional pillars of the public higher education mission- research, education, and service- as interdependent endeavors that continually enrich and inform each other. Groundbreaking research, transformative educational experiences, and deeply engaged service to its communities define the University at Buffalo’s mission as a premier, research-intensive public university.

One Concept, One Reading, and One Application Essay

One Concept, One Reading, and One Application - Essay Example This concept has been refined over a period of time based on the experience gained by television professionals and the public in dealing with the social issues. This audience engagement is more pronounced in TV debates than in any other programs on television. It doesn’t exist only at the ‘moment of reading’ but, the subject lingers in the minds of the audience which might prompt them to react later. Therefore, effectiveness of communication at this stage, if at all it is intended, can be measured by its impact on the public subsequently. In any other case, the impact of a good debate is expected to form a public opinion or shape up the public’s attitude in social issues of various kinds. Social subjectivity argument is more amenable than textually produced subjectivity especially in the political setup prevailing in most of the countries that is predominantly democratic with liberal views on freedom of speech and expression. Convergence of technology It is also interesting to note that the technological developments took place over years have enhanced the role of media as a means of mass communication in societies. The earlier boundaries in information and communications technology have vanished under convergence of technology. Television networks offer phone service and Internet television. Mergers between media and telecommunication firms gave rise to faster technological developments and their applications for commercial exploitation. Mobile phones with plethora of facilities including Wi-Fi have made the media more interactive. Ernesto Schmitt (2013) said â€Å"Our Android users have been very vocal about wanting a full-featured tablet version of zeebox,† Technological developments have enabled increased connectivity between the audience and television. Zeebox CTO Anthony Rose stated: "The future of broadcast TV is about synchronicity between the TV and the second-screen. zeebox’s platform connects TV context with u sers and content owners, enabling a deeper connection between broadcast TV and its fans." John Fiske has not mentioned about the impact of technological developments, since most of the developments took place later. Applications in real life The author has pointed out â€Å"that Morley found that Hall, in following Perkin (1772), had overemphasised the role of class in producing different readings and had underestimated the variety of determinants of reading† (61-62) especially ideologies. But, ethnography as a valid method of studying television and its viewers based on culture has its own limitations though it takes into account the diversity in social formation and culture. For example, debates on important subjects like ‘employment in call-centre’, ‘Diversity in workplace’ or ‘outsourcing’ would be more useful not only to the employees, but also to the employers, students and public who have vested interest in the discussions on the subject. For instance, the need for diversity in work force, its impact on culture or its benefits could lead the people to introspection and change their opinions or views in the light of the debate. While focussing the differences among viewers, revaluation of the text is also necessary for paying

Muti questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Muti questions - Assignment Example Mutualistas comprised of all individuals who were ready to liberate and unite Mexicans in United States. Its membership was not restricted and it consisted of Mexican authorities, nation organizations for instance Alianza Hispano formed in 1894, Club Femenino Orquidia and women groups. 12. What did El Norte symbolize to the immigrants from Mexico in the early twentieth century? The main two actors in El Norte were David Villalpando and Zaide Gutierrez and they experienced civil war, which made them flee to America. Experiences witnessed by the individuals symbolized hard life they encountered while in United States of America where they did hard chores within poor environments. Conversely, their freedoms and rights were hand capped by government and those who tried to boycott duty were severely murdered and tortured. Though they were discriminated in United States, it still remained better to them than their homeland where there was turmoil and insecurity. These actors preferred life in captivity where you can get basic wants than being free in a country where you suffer due to high poverty levels. 13. What were the results of the Mexican Revolution for the average Mexican? Mexicans enjoyed a tranquil society after the revolution since new democratic country was formed which catered for needs of the people. Economic development was jerked by applying mixed economy strategies that welcomed investors and local entrepreneurs. Mexican citizens who were squatters were given land by the government and this improved their living standards since they can engage in agricultural production. Human rights and freedoms were adhered to by the government and laws and policies were put in place to protect citizens for instance formalization of peasant organisations and labor unions. Restoration of peace created an avenue for distribution of goods and services making it readily available for consumers. 14. What did the train come to symbolize? Train come symbolizes a new beginn ing in the life of Americans after a long time of captivity and unrest. It bestows lots of hope to citizens and encourages the government to gear towards achieving initial stability before the revolution. However, these hopes and aims can be achieved via uniting all Mexicans to create a common bond and cohesion. Though train come made people lose their hard earned property and others lives, it marked a beginning since Mexicans were to contribute to economic growth of their own country. 15. What kinds of work did most Mexicans find when they came to the United States? Give some examples for both men and women in different parts of the country? Mexican immigrants found life hard in foreign land and had to indulge in odd jobs in order to make ends meet. Early immigrants found good jobs but with endless flow of illegal Mexican citizens, Unites States economy was disfranchised of jobs and all Mexicans were relegated to blue collar jobs for instance in industries, farm work and house maid duties. In this regard, men participated in tedious jobs for example working in plantations, herding livestock and operating industrial equipments. On the other hand, women indulged in housekeeping chores like babysitting, washing toilets, caring for the old and washing clothes. This depended on different regions one inhabited for instance industrialization was practised in North America and agriculture in the South. Most Mexicans’ work places were un conducive for example industrial set up where there is a lot of noise, harmful fumes and

Starving For The Gold-Coursework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starving For The Gold- - Coursework Example to educate people to the problems women athletes face in hopes that with more people being more knowledgeable on the topic, hopefully changes can be made. The basic cause of the problem, as Robinson states it, is that the coaches of female athletes pressure them to be as thin as possible. For instance, Robinson mentions how one female athlete she talked to said that her coach â€Å"held contests to see who could leave the most food uneaten on her plate at training camp† (yr). This obviously is going to have a negative effect on female athletes, especially when considering that females are pressured into being as thin as possible in society as it is. Another practice mentioned is that female athletes will have their body fat calculated and then compared with the other athletes; the idea is to encourage all of the female athletes to be as skinny as possible. Another female athlete, speaking from her experience with athletic amenorrhea, which is the cessation of the menstrual cycle due to extremely low body-fat composition, stated that â€Å"Pressure was always felt to be lean, and considerable emphasis was placed on being beneat h 12 percent body fat composition. It seemed that the primary goal was to maintain a low-body fat composition† (yr). Overall, as opposed to training female athletes to be fit, they are being trained to be as skinny as possible. This encouraging to be overly thin is giving these athletes eating disorders, but this is not the main motivation behind these practices as Robinson states. The main reason that these sort of practices can be gotten away with is because there is a perceived male-domination in sports. When one views the kind of changes that the coaches are encouraging their female athletes to make, Robinson states that it is not difficult to see that they are trying to make their female athletes resemble their male athletes. This practice Robinson traces back to the 70’s, and in particular the athlete Olga Korbet, as the

Is Human Security Better Than State Centric Security?

Is Human Security Better Than State Centric Security? Along with the end of the Cold War, the spread of globalisation, and the fast development, the world is facing new challenges and threats endangering states as well as people all over the world. Those new problems require effective counteractions. Two approaches can be distinguished, which are particularly meaningful in a context of global security, Human Security, and state-centric approaches, such as realism, neo-realism, or Strategic Studies. They differ not only because of the subject of their focus, and hence the manner of protection, but also because definition of security they draw and methods of achievement of that security. New threats endanger people globally, therefore Human Security, which is focused on the providing the security of people, not states in the first line, seems to offer better way of dealing with these non-traditional problems. However, is the Human Security sufficient? Both approaches, like any other theories, comprise positive and negative aspects. In ord er to estimate which of these two approaches offer a better way of dealing with non-traditional new global security problems, first the definition of security will be explained, in context of both theories, to assess an impact of diverse conceptions of security on the specifying threats and methods of dealing with them. Next, and there will be assessed an importance of non-traditional new global security problems, in the scope of states and human security, and threats and difficulties associated with them will be clarified as well. Furthermore, both conceptions will be characterised, including examination of manner they offer to challenge the new threats, and to provide security, additionally effectiveness of their models will be estimated. Finally, two perceptions will be compared, emphasising the most colliding issues between them, and all arguments will be put together and summarised in ending statement. Diverse dimension of security Primary issue, whilst discussing the different perception of the global security problems, appears to be understanding of the security concept. Recognition of threats and methods we use to challenge them depend on the way we define security. We can distinguish two potential objects of security, states and human beings. The former conception is strictly associated with realism, which favour protection of state as the highest authority, according to King and The traditional view of security has focused on using the military to ensure the territorial integrity of sovereign states.  [1]  Realists argue that the main goal of states is assurance of their survival, regardless of citizens well-being. Military potential is according to realism a guarantor of states existence, and consequently, therefore realists claim that the best method to obtain the highest level of security is maximization of states unilateral military capabilities.  [2]  However, there is also other side of this idea, because such states struggle to the maximization of military power and international hegemonic position, as Richard Ullman argues in the long run can only increase a global insecurity,  [3]  therefore realist definition of security seems to have positive as well as negative aspects. Such model on the one hand offers a way to protect states, but on the other hand put it in danger. The latter concept, Human Security theory, draws a view that the individuals are of primary importance. For that reason they turn their attention towards the international rather than national security. Subsequently, because of its wider and more global character, it establishes different risks, not only military, but also environmental, social, and economic, proposing different methods of protection. However, there is also another interesting aspect, even though people are aware of the different kinds of threats and their crucial impact on their lives they value defence from violence more than from any other risks. The outcome of the enquiry conducted in 2005 in Afghanistan justifies that fact. Accordingly, 37% of questioned said that violence is the biggest danger facing their country, whilst 29% sustained that they are economic problems, such as poverty or unemployment.  [4]  Subsequently, people appreciate their physical safety more than a good condition of a country, and bel ieve that violation of human rights is the major threat resulting in many others difficulties. To sum up, the essential aspect in counter measuring of a particular threat is first its recognition, because in order to deal with something we need to be aware that it is a threat to our security. The effectiveness is determined by the extent that particular threat endangers our security. Here arises the question, how those distinct perceptions of threat and security affect attitude of both approaches to non-traditional threats? Non-traditional new global security problems We cannot decide of the predominance of one theory over another without explaining types and meaning of non-traditional security problems. New threats are of diverse nature, for example environmental threats, spreading of diseases, grooving population, poverty, intercontinental crime, threats associated with new technology, or acts of terrorism, and for that reason there are so hard to be challenged. What makes them even more problematic is their interconnectedness, usually one issue is correlated with another one or even causes another problems. They, therefore, need collective response, which obviously in anarchical model of self-interested states created by realists is difficult to obtain. Non-traditional threats often cause as many harms as traditionally defined dangers, such as war. This assumption is illustrated by the following example: AIDS is a direct threat to human security because it kills an estimated three million people every year.  [5]  Health issues concern not only developing countries, as it is generally believed. Stefan Elbe claims that because of the number of military operations all over the world, and highly developed tourist industry, the diseases spread very fast all over the world. Furthermore, there are also economic consequences, necessity of replacement of infected stationed soldiers equals additional costs, and likewise those soldiers create a risk for the population of their national states. Such situation took place in Sierra Leone, during peacekeeping operation number of people infected by HIV/AIDS increased in that region.  [6]   Another worth noting issue is environmental threat. Thomas Homer-Dixon argues that environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the world.  [7]  There is strict correlation between water and land exploitation and ethnic and national conflicts. Scarcity of resources resulting from devastating environmental occurrences such as global warming, acid rains, or deforestation, in result constrains people to migration, fighting for other sources of resources, or worsens states economic and social situation. Some of non-traditional threats are of greater military context, such as terrorism, arm trade, or militarization of children, other are less, such as poverty, health insecurity, or violation of human rights. What is certain, however, all of these threats are of the significant importance in terms of global security, both of people and states. Notwithstanding, difficulties in confronting those non-traditional threats derive from interrelation and global dimension of those issues. Non-traditional threats can very fast, if ignored, transformed into traditional ones. Which of the given approaches then offer a better way of dealing with new threats to global security? State-centric security approaches in an era of new threats First, there will be discussed the case of state-centric approaches, which at the first sight sacrifice very little attention to non-traditional threats. According to main theory in that scope, realism, major actor on the political arena is a state, and it is a state that should be protected and secured. Subsequently, the primary, if not only, danger for state is military invasion of other state; therefore the chief area of state-centric considerations is war and peace. Correspondingly to that conception, the only provider of security is state, and as long as the external security of state is achieved, the state is in stable and safe position. Accordingly, protecting the state from military threats has the effect of protecting its people,  [8]  what indicates that state-centric approaches do not completely ignore the safety of people, although they believe that safety can only be attained through military actions. Realism and other state-centric approaches offer some useful ways though with dealing with non-traditional threats, even though some argue that they do not even recognise domestic insecurity as a threat.  [9]  Realism focuses on the national security. War, as Amitav Acharya argues, frequently endangers people by causing physical violence, but also undermines interior situation of the state, triggers malnutrition, migration of refugees, maximises the probability of pandemic, and negatively affects economic and industrial development of a certain state,  [10]  to name only few destructive features of military conflicts. For that reason, preventing wars consequently provides, to some extent, security against non-traditional threats which would result from a military conflict. Moreover, considering national security as a primary value affects the seriousness in deliberation any threats that somehow put that national security at risk. Nevertheless, not every arising problem might be resolved militarily. Furthermore, state-centric approaches apparently omit a lot of serious aspects of global security, we may even say that they are very monothematic in a context of security. One of the major omissions is a role of a state as the threat for its own citizens, not always protector. Enquiry held by Amnesty International greatly exemplifies such argument: In 1993 annual report of Amnesty International spoke of human rights violations on a terrifying scale, recording violations in 161 states.  [11]  States interest are, in a context of that particular theory, various of the interest and well-being of its inhabitants, Alan Collins even claims that a state exists somewhat apart from society,  [12]  as a result it is unsafe to sustain that state should be the highest and only provider of law and security, and ought to have unconditional sovereignty. Another weakness of state-centric approach is its static character. It ignores possibility of collective actions in order to increase states and human security, as it does not recognise non-traditional threats as a serious danger. Richard Ullman claims that such manner, staying focusing only on the one aspect of a threat, reduces their total security.  [13]   Overall, state-centric approaches, although they established some valuable techniques of providing security, tend fail to provide reasonable method of dealing with non-traditional threats, as most of these threats are concerned with human, not state, security. Human Security in a struggle to assure global security The most beneficial factor of Human Security approach in dealing with non-traditional threats is its area of focus. It places human beings in the centre of considerations. Therefore, scholars of that particular theory very broadly define security and distinguish numerous variants of security violation. The Report of the Commission on Human Security defines Human Security as: to protect the vital core of all human freedoms and human fulfilment.  [14]  Human Development Report classified seven areas of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security.  [15]  Why then Human Security seems to offer a better way of dealing with non-traditional threats? First of all, because it admits that those threats are of significant importance. Most of new threats are of a global not state dimension. Therefore, while attempting to assure of security of all the individuals around the world it is aware of necessity of involvement multiple actors in challenging those dangers, such as NGOs, civil society, intergovernmental organisations, international institutions, single individuals, and many others.  [16]  Furthermore, it offers numerous methods of dealing and preventing threats. To these methods we can include, for instance, world supporting programs, such as Millennium Development Goals, sanctions in case of any violations, humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping operations, implementation of international rules and laws, and setting up institutions that enforce abidance of those laws, because respecting human rights are at the core of protecting human security.  [17]  Human Security approach values more the prevention of conflict, en suring economic, social and political stability, than the military actions when the military dispute already begins. It comprehends the crucial meaning of development, innovations, and personal well-being. Additionally Human Security is seriously judged by states, for instance Japan and Canada included human security principles in their foreign affairs programs. Human Security is also the leading policy of the UN programs, and had its contribution in the establishment of Geneva Convention, Responsibility to Protect Report, the Ottawa Treaty.  [18]   However, although Human Security approach appears to offer very successful way of dealing with new global threats it has also some defects. One of its failures is that it ignores external military threats,  [19]  because it provides the security of people not states, it does not pay much attention to the relations between states. Next, it is difficult to find any effective method of dealing with non-traditional threats whilst we grant everything an importance, as Yuen Khong claims making everything a priority renders nothing a priority,  [20]  therefore we have already plurality of non-traditional threats, and it would be hard to challenge them if we grant everything an equal status. For that reason, some scholars argue that Human Security define concept of security extremely broadly and that makes it implausible. Consequently, Human Security is very often divided into two sectors freedom from fear, and freedom from want.  [21]   Notwithstanding, in a context of globalism and global dimension of contemporary threats, Humanitarian Security offers a better way of dealing with non-traditional threats. Mostly because majority of those threats endangers directly human security first and usually affects large regions at the same time, consequently collective response is inevitable, which is rather problematic to obtain in state-centric approaches. Comparison of both conceptions Which of those two approaches better adapts to contemporary standards, and offer a better way of dealing with modern threats? When we take under considerations Alan Collins argument, that conflict since the mid-1990s overwhelmingly takes place within the borders of developing states, not between states,  [22]  we would certainly assume that the state-centric approaches since the end of the Cold War are no longer adequate to current global situation. Nevertheless, there is also other aspect of a dispute between those two theories, namely humanitarian intervention. Realists strongly believe in the right to unconditional sovereignty and that in some cases, intervention may exacerbate conflict, rather than mitigate it. Furthermore, interventions of different kinds are sometimes regarded as the hegemonic interference and an attempt to gain control. This in effect might cause hostility, as the threat to ones sovereignty is a threat to a security. Consequently how can we deal with new t hreats, which include also protection of fundamental rights, without supplying more harm than benefit? Human Security theorists believe, on the other hand, that sovereignty is conditional, as long as a state is responsible for well-being and protection of its citizens, any violation of that should require response of international community. It is strictly combined with the idea of sovereignty as responsibility.  [23]   Conclusion To summarise, both theories in contrary way try to challenge new global security threats. Nevertheless, state-centric approaches together with the end of the Cold War seem to lost their effectiveness and plausibility. Human Security, because of its alternative attitude and flexibility in dealing with arising problems, also due to its widely defined concept of security offer methods which appear to be more adequate and have a potential of success. Nature of non-traditional threats is diverse, interlinked and primarily global, therefore to deal with such threats, collective response is essential, but also of multilateral character, i.e. confronting diverse problems at the same time. The most threatened in a context of new global problems is human being, and from both of these theories, only Human Security offers a direct protection of people, and offers a resolution of global dimension, which is necessary taking under consideration global problems.

Themes in Rain of Gold, by Victor Villasenor Essay -- Rain of Gold Ess

Rain of Gold, is a true story about the history of Mexican people, their culture, traditions and customs that were passed down from the Euro-Indian heritage of Mexico. Rain of Gold was written by Juan Villasenor in search for his ancestral roots. The people of this story are real and not fiction. The places that are discussed are true. And the incidents did actually happen to his family. There are several underlying themes that need addressing. Such as: the importance of family, the importance of religion and spiritualism, woman as center of home and family, respect--protection of woman's virtue; ideal of women as pure, power of the woman--the mother, being a man-man as protector of the family, pride of man to be a provider, importance of traditions, respect for life, work and education/learning, death as part of life, honor, dignity, and finally discrimination and prejudice. I will be using this book as a reference and as a guide throughout this review to discuss t he themes that are stated above. "La Lluvia de Oro" that means Rain of Gold in English, was the name of a gold mine located in a box canyon in the mountains of Chihuahua. I would first like to introduce you to the Gomez family. There's Dona Guadalupe who was an unofficial adopted Yaqui child of Leonides and Rosa Camargo. Dona Guadalupe married Victor Gomez, and they had Sophia, Maria, Carlota, Victoriano, and Lupe. Lupe was conceived in 1910 when a huge meteorite hit the box canyon where her family lived. It was said that her parents thought that it was the end of the world so they prayed and made desperate love, asking God to spare them (p. 9). Lupe was referred to as the meteorite child. Next, I would like to introduce you to the Villas... ... the street. "They're dirty!" (p. 302) The lady did not know anything about Juan and she had a stereotype of what Mexican's were. This happens to many people. People are ignorant and don't watch what they are saying. This type of behavior leads to discrimination, prejudice and racism. I really enjoyed all of the characters and this book tremendously. Both Lupe's and Juan's mother were very strong and God fearing women. They had a very strong bind between their children who were taught values and morals. This book made me want to know my ancestral routes and learn more about my culture. Since this book was a true story about Victor Villasenor's family, it made the stories even more real. I would recommend this book to everyone who loves to read. Bibliography Villasenor, Victor. Rain of Gold. Arte Publico Press, 1991.

Interpersonal Violence and Abuse and the LGBTQ Community Essay

Realizing that one of the discoveries about IPV or DV is that it actually cuts through cultures, class, race, creed and colour. Although allegations after allegations that there is no sufficient data about same-sex IPV to fully support whatever theoretical viewpoints there may be on the factors that lead to such occurrences, there have been readily available information to provide the reader with knowledge to understand the issue. If individuals managed to hide their gender preference or homosexuality there is a greater tendency that IPV later on will also be manageably hidden creating potentially risky behaviors as a consequence. I am dismayed that within the MSM (Men having Sex with Men) and Lesbian couples the incidence of them being batterers and them becoming repeated abusers because oftentimes they use isolation as a weapon against their victims. This is their strategy to ensure that they can control their victims. Support services for victims are not necessarily effective due to the nature of the liaison, i. e. , the stigma attached to the LGBT kind of relationship is likely to deter a victim to request or ask for help . Since statistics demonstrate that the prevalence of GLBT IPV/DV is as common as its heterosexual counterpart, the degree and kind of abuse that are inflicted mirror what are commonly occurring in any domestic violence. Just as there may also be a possible resulting homicide, cases of femicide are the most common in either gender categories. For many of the sufferers reporting from fate as survivors of IPV, GLBT victims confess of the issue over power and control where the perpetrator customarily exhibits jealousy and control over the victim. It overwhelms me also to think that size does not guarantee that there is no victimization. In the articles, female Batterers for instance play convincing roles in duping authorities or police officers into thinking that they were the victims by reason of their small size (Fountain and Skolnik, 2007). Age-range prevalence is an aspect that researchers find difficulty in making fairly accurate or close to accurate approximation. Teens in GLBT set-ups provide the lowest data primarily because teens fear the ramifications for reporting. Let me emphasize again here because I am really moved into thinking about a very close friend of mine who into this kind of relationship and suffered the same fate. One of the concepts pointed out in literature values the role- identification that each partner assumes. It refers to the accepted notion the unknowing public assumes that the batterer usually is the â€Å"masculine† (whether in male-male or in female-female/transgender relationships); something to do with â€Å"physical size, strength, appearance and mannerisms,† as well as economic standing as common bases (Miller et al. , 2000). However this may be true in some of the cases, the profile of batterers are diverse. One distinct difference between same-sex and heterosexual IPV is the significant disparity between sex differentiations on physical violence as presented by Archer (2002). Moreover, the elements of alcohol and drug abuse are not discounted; prior experience as children to domestic violence is also another factor and the force that is known as â€Å"patriarchal power† that is imposed on the relationship is widely known. Literature conclusively added the factor on perceived power or powerless ness as significant in the rise of partner violence in both heterosexual and same sex relations. Researchers point to a curvilinear relationship which refers to the rate of violence among those partners whose status is high or lower (Miller et al. 2000). Attachment styles, whether the issue is on the gender preference or the occurrence of violence in the home or in partnership are examined, is in most cases a primary consideration. Understanding how the batterers (including their victims) have gone through their growing up years give clue to the present treatment they give to their partners. Attachment styles have been thoroughly studied and are proven to be vital influence to the developing individual and the adult in transition. It is therefore recommended that further studies be made on the correlation of attachment styles and potential violent behavior a person may manifest in a relationship especially among the GLBT population where data is still inadequate. It is worthwhile to note also that the WHO’s global strides to make domestic violence a worldwide agendum along with other forms of violence (source:www. who. int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005html) is a big and very positive step to reduce the worldwide incidence.

Consequences of the civil war essays

Consequences of the civil war essays The time following the civil war was hard for the South economically. However they were not the only ones who were having problems. The only difference is that other parts of the United States were very prosperous. One major issue, no matter what part of the country you worked in, was labor. In the time period of 1865-1880 the United States went through some major reforms regarding labor as well as some major technological advancements of agricultural production. After the Civil war the cotton king was dethroned in the U.S. In the Mississippi Valley grain farmers were becoming very prosperous. They were becoming specialists in not only the agricultural benefactors of farming but were becoming key players in the banking, manufacturing, and railroad industry. Competition was fierce. A farmer had to keep up with the latest technological advancement in farming if he wanted to make any type of profit. This entailed buying expensive machinery in order to plant and harvest crops. The speed of planting and harvesting was greatly increased. In California it was described as a country of plantations not gold. The new country was carving up Mexican land into vast fruit and vegetable crops. Cheep land was purchased from the Mexicans, and agriculture was ironically the first big business in California. Farmers had to be careful not to become chained to a one crop economy. For while prices were high farmers did well on one crop. If prices dropped, like they did in 1880 with wheat and corn, the farmers would be put into a situation very similar to the south and the cotton plantations. With the emancipation of the slaves after the Civil War, the South attempted to maintain their dominance of the blacks with the instatement of the black codes. Mississippi was the first to adopt the code but other states followed, each with its own variation. Te black codes gave Negros their basic ri ...

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Every day, the number of people in the world is rising. Because of that phenomenon the rapid development forced to do to accommodate the total population such as urbanization. However, the unwell planning development was done that made our environment in trouble. The major factor of this happening because less understanding of surrounding environment and ecological aspect while planning the urbanization. One profession that closely related with designing the sustainable urbanization is landscape architects. The development of landscape urbanism theory and its implementation into the field of practice is outlined with particular focus on its position of redefining the role of landscape architect. Global movements of urbanization, increasing awareness of urban ecology and analysis of modern planning lead to the important responses that landscape urbanism applies to modern projects. Landscape urbanism holds a promising future in determining sustainable urban form. Continued long-term investment in applying the theory to practice will lead to a balance relationship similar to the requirement between landscape and urbanism. 2. URBANIZATION 2. 1Definition of urbanization Urbanization as defined by Paul Jenkins (2007) normally refers to the demographic process of shifting the balance of national population from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ areas; urbanization rate indicates the proportion of the population living in urban areas at a given time; and urban growth rate is a measurement of the expansion of the number of inhabitants living in urban settlements. Meanwhile, Basudeb Bhatta (2010) defined urbanization as non-spatial and social process which refers to the changes of behavior and social relationships that occur in social dimensions as a result of people living in town and cities. Urbanization is also defined by United Nation (2005) as ‘movement of people from rural areas with population growth equating to urban migration’. According to New World Encyclopedia (retrieve 19 October 2011), urbanization is the growing number of people in a society living in urban areas, or cities. Urbanization means increased spatial scale and density of settlement as well as business and other activities in the area. Urban areas tend to attract businesses because of their large and dense population. This in turn draws more people to the area, working in a kind of circular process. The classic and most applicable definition of urbanization has been advance by Hope Tisdale (1942), who argues that urbanization is the process by which a growing section of the country’s population comes to live in relatively densely populated, relatively large towns and urban-type communities. Since the appearance of the first major studies about urbanization in the second half of the nineteenth century, the most influential study is that of Adna F. Weber (1899) whom wrote that the term urbanization has primarily been associated with numbers of people which migrate from countryside to the towns, about the rise of metropolis, that is to say, towns with a large population, about the differences in the growth of population in the towns, and in the countryside, and so forth. As the result of above definition about the term urbanization, it can be conclude that urbanization is the migration of people from rural area to town area which increase the number of population. As a result of the migration, their behavior, social activities, cultures and relationships might changes. It is related to the surrounding of the town which offers people more working opportunities. 3. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 3. 1Definition Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action in interaction of natural and human factors (Council of Europe, 2000). Due to this interaction landscape change is an unavoidable fact. Usually habitats have the ability to adapt themselves to changes caused by natural forces, but with respect to man bring on changes such as urbanization, the transformation can be further than the limits of resiliency. Landscape, as defined by UNESCO (retrieve 19 October 2011) is the result of the interaction of the natural environment and human activities. Therefore it represents a holistic concept composed of ecological, social and economic components. Wikipedia (retrieve 19 October 2011) defined architecture as the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Landscape architecture as defined by Dan Sullivan (2010) is the comprehensive discipline of land analysis, planning, design, management, preservation, and rehabilitation. The profession of landscape architecture has been built on the principles of dedication to the public safety, health and welfare; and recognition and protection of the land and its resources. The term landscape architecture first appeared in print in 1828, in the title of a book by Gilbert Laing Meason in Scotland. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, in presenting their Greensward Plan for Central Park in New York City in 1858, were the first to use landscape architect as a professional title. The first in Canada to advertise themselves as landscape architects were Frederick Gage TODD of Montreal and Charles Ernest Woolverton of Grimsby, Ont, who established private practices in 1900 and 1901 respectively. Other practitioners called themselves landscape designers, landscape gardeners, or landscape engineers the choice often reflecting their previous training in such fields as agricultural science, architecture, civil engineering, gardening and horticulture. Today’s landscape architects are usually dealing with land that was changed by the previous human intervention. In rural areas and less wilderness and increasing development pressures, many projects that require unique design skills and expertise in restoring damaged forest, fields, wetlands and contaminated and neglected industrial land, and they redesign and revitalize underutilized urban areas. With more people living in or near urban areas, landscape architects are increasingly concerned about the quality of urban life and the way that council develop and manage their open spaces. 4. ROLE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN URBANIZATION In other develop country; landscape architect is a prime consultant in every single urban project and also the one who in charged putting the other consulting from different disciplines together, pointing everybody the direction to get the project done and put all the great minds together and come up with a great project with multi-disciplinary approaches. Landscape architects also design landscape environment which to be important and inner part of the planning of an urban area that will durable for decades. It is because landscape architect can handle and communicate with other different discipline and very sensitive with nature and surrounding environment. As stated before, urbanization is a population growth from rural area to urban area or town where the developments are also growth. Landscape architects play major role in urban development or urbanization. To this day landscape architecture and design are employed for both private and public pleasure, from the modest suburban home to a large estate, and from the town square to city parks and greenbelts. As it best, landscape architects join the natural environment with built environment, and create and define spaces which fulfill human and natural need. Dividing and defining the spaces of built and natural is an essential part in any development in order to stabilize the ecosystem and make it sustainable. Landscape architects frequently use concepts of spatial structures to express their ideas. When their spatial structure seldom refers to the real landscape pattern, the typical outcome is ill planned urban development resulting in loss of diversity, coherence and identity. Application of scientific knowledge from landscape ecology is crucial to overcome this problem. Because spatial pattern can influence a variety of ecological phenomena, our ability to quantify changes in landscape structure through time may be crucial to the understanding of the dynamic of the landscape. Some people may give their opinion that the urban areas are always filled with concrete elements and less green. This view did not actually accurate because to balance the ecological system of the city, landscape architects play a very important duty. Landscape architects are already involved in large-scale urban land restoration and rejuvenation, working with communities to convert â€Å"brown† and â€Å"grey† fields to â€Å"green† productive social and economic use. Such sites tend to be large, abandoned waterfronts, former, manufacturing sites, and primary industry locations. Here is a huge opportunity to provide necessary spaces for children to connect with the amazing, playful attributes of nature, to help them become the new front line of society who wills more expected to choose for the continuing health of our planet. In order to keep balancing the city with built and green environments, landscape architects take part in designing the city with the effective use of large trees and palms whose canopies and crowns, over time, join together to provide a physically powerful ‘green’ visual impact. Trees provide shade, color and fresh air and can provide a lasting visual impression in the memory of residents and visitors of the city. Therefore the visual benefits of a continuous green not only include calming, on both the eye and senses, but also a means of providing visual delight. In addition there are the microclimatic benefits of tree cover in the form of cooling the air by providing shade, reducing noise and improving air quality due to the effects of leaves. This concept was determined to be achievable for many disciplines such as planning, architecture and landscape with the creation of three-dimensional volumes, a viable active public realm and an extensive tree planting program. Some places are covered with natural forest and it is the true natural legacy of that place being the original home of its people. Looking to the future a young tree in the present sooner or later becomes the heritage for future generations. The forest can therefore be a metaphor for both past and future as well as providing a strong sense of identity. The application of the ‘Urban Forest’ draws on the variety and real meaning of the forest and weaves it into the fabric of the orderly and functional city. The role of the landscape architect when involved in designing both a new city or revitalizing an existing city, is very much in the realms of urban design. In fulfilling the objectives to provide a network of interlinked open spaces and to provide a large vegetative cover, the concept of the Urban Forest provides another layer in the design of the city. The concept of Urban Forest is expressed in an urban setting as an extensive tree cover utilizing mainly native trees. Public open spaces are the clear setting for large scale tree planting. However private grounds and gardens can also contribute. Also of primary importance are street trees which can be planned in advance to provide large quantities of trees. When talking about urbanization, there is such impact of the development to the natural environment, commonly urban heat island. Some points are relating towards the causes which change a high develop city to urban heat island; materials used have much different thermal volume properties, wind tunnel accessibility, geometric effects of tall building which multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, and lack of evapotranspiration because of less vegetation planted. Yet this problem theorically can be solved by ecologists and environmentalists not the practical aspect. However, in term of designing the solution to find out the sustainable development that will last long for decades, landscape architect is the best consultant that any community should hire because of their sensitiveness towards surrounding environment. 5. CONCLUSIONS Urbanization is not simply a theory and not as simple planning and design. Many considerations should be taken while planning an urban area because it may give positive in fulfilling the human need but somehow it give more negative impact to the environment. Deeply understanding about urban ecology is the essential part in order to develop sustainable urban city. Furthermore, spatial organization also must be considerate for minimizing the environmental problems and issues caused by urbanization. Although there are many professional disciplinary in built environment such as architects, civil engineers, surveyor, ecologist and planner however the best consultant in planning and designing urbanization is landscape architect. Role of landscape architect is not focusing to planting and gardening but encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management, and stewardship of the natural and built environments. This profession is the one of the professional profession that really concerns about environmental effect. REFERENCES Bhatta, Basudeb. 2010. Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Esbah, H. , Maktav, D. , Atatanir, L. , Erbek, L. Atanir. 2005. Understanding Urban Growth Patterns: A Landscape Ecology Point of View. Adnan Menderes University. Jenkins, P. , Smith, H. and Wang, Y. P. 2007. Planning and Housing In The Rapidly Urbanizing World. Routledge. ) McHarg, Ian. 1991. Design with nature. John Wiley. Obara, Bryan. 2010. Design of Process: Leading Towards a Symbiosis of Landscape Urbanism Theory and Practice. Retrieve from http://umass. academia. edu/BryanObara/Papers/536401 Peters, Alison. and Scott, Ashley. The Role of Landscape Architects in Urban Design Projects. Retrieve from rudi. net/books/10556 Schmal, H. 1981. Patterns of European Urbanisation since 1500. Redwood Burn Limited. Other References Didona Associates: didonaassociates. com/why/la-overview. html Landscape Architecture Resource: http://landscapearchitectureresource. com/ Natural Learning Initiative: naturalearning. org/content/new-role-landscape-architecture New World Encyclopedia: newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Urbanization Whole Building Design Guide: http:// www. wbdg. org/design/dd landscapearch. php Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Architecture